6.2 Batch coprimality testing Show batched algorithms: group many pairs and perform multipoint evaluation or product-of-values modular tests to amortize cost.

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Complexity comparisons and benchmarks Summarize asymptotic costs versus classical Euclidean gcd in a table and report small synthetic benchmark results (describe expected findings: randomized modular tests are faster for very large inputs when gcd is 1, Euclid wins when gcd has large common factors).