Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), which is the backbone of high-speed Wi-Fi and 5G. 2. Multiple Access Techniques
4G LTE: High-speed data that enabled video streaming and the app economy. 5G: Ultra-low latency and the "Internet of Things" (IoT). wireless communications from the ground up pdf
Modern systems (like Wi-Fi and LTE) utilize , which alters both amplitude and phase simultaneously. A 64-QAM constellation, for instance, packs 6 bits into every symbol, increasing data throughput but requiring a cleaner channel (higher SNR) to distinguish the closely packed points. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), which is the backbone